{"id":252,"date":"2023-08-25T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/?p=252"},"modified":"2023-08-24T09:12:52","modified_gmt":"2023-08-24T02:12:52","slug":"affirmative-action","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/affirmative-action\/","title":{"rendered":"Affirmative action"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Getting into college is kind of like running a race. There are only so many slots in college and university, after all. Naturally, the best runners, the applicants with the highest grades and the most impressive achievements, would get into the best schools. But is this race really fair?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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What is affirmative action?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Affirmative action is an effort to provide opportunities in education and employment to groups that have historically been discriminated against.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The case for affirmative action<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Racism isn’t just an uneducated person saying mean things; it isn’t just an ignorant kid repeating the hateful things they hear from adults. It’s more than that. It’s systemic. 158 years after the abolition of slavery in the US, 69 years after schools became desegregated, and 60 years after Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech, the racial wealth gap is still a prominent issue. Why is that?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Well, among many things, being a slave means that you can’t build wealth because your labor was unjustly exploited. So even if you’re now freed from slavery, you don’t have wealth, so your children aren’t likely to have access to higher education simply because you can’t afford the tuition. Which means your children will have limited job opportunities, chaining them to lower-paying positions. Further, employers will discriminate against the color of your skin. So even if you have the same qualifications as a white person, you’re unlikely to be hired. This was the reality for African-Americans for the majority of US history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But perhaps the most harmful act to minorities in the US was the “Federal Home Loan Bank Act,” enacted in 1932. This act is intended to lower the cost of home ownership by assessing which areas should receive a loan. Unfortunately, the areas that were deemed unfit for loans were neighborhoods with a majority of residents who were people of color because these areas were seen as “high-risk”. This practice is known as “redlining” and disproportionately prevents people of color from owning homes with higher values. This is another barrier to building wealth since houses appreciate in financial value over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What makes this act so harmful is the fact that public schools in the US are primarily funded by property taxes. So the lower the home value, the lower the taxes, and the lower the funding. This leads to schools with students who are predominantly people of color being able to afford fewer teachers, meaning classrooms are more crowded and students receiving less individualized guidance. It also leads to fewer extracurricular activities being available because the schools can’t afford the facility costs. This all results in lower scores on standardized tests and fewer extracurricular activities on the students’ resumes, all factors that contribute to people of color being less likely to get accepted into higher education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To summarize, due to a combination of lacking generational wealth and the way schools are funded, African-Americans have a systematic disadvantage when accessing higher education, continuing the cycle of poverty since they’re less likely to get degrees and high-paying jobs. As such, affirmative action aims to remedy these societal injustices by taking into account college applicants’ race. Not only race, though, as affirmative action also looks at gender since women were largely barred from higher education in the past and the still-existing gender pay gap. Going back to the running metaphor, you can see it as giving a person who starts further from the starting line compared to everyone else more time to make up for that extra distance they have to run.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some also see affirmative action as a counterbalance to legacy admissions, which favor applicants with parents who previously studied at that school. This practice is usually seen in elite schools, which are generally inaccessible to people of color. Diversity also provides students with more viewpoints, which aids their education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The case against affirmative action<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Affirmative action treats the symptom and not the cause. Instead of focusing on giving people of color a “leg-up” in college admission, we should instead focus on ensuring fairness from the start through improving school funding so that all children, regardless of background, have the same standard of education. Critics also argue that affirmative action should focus more on class than race. Even though class and race have strong correlations, the underlying problem is a lack of resources due to a lack of wealth, so race should be irrelevant. This would create a more inclusive policy involving applicants from all backgrounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Everyone deserves a chance at success, regardless of who they are. So to consider race and gender as factors in admission is contradictory to the principles of equality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This contradicting policy affected a student named Allen Bakke, a white applicant was admitted to the UC Davis School of Medicine after a lawsuit and a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. Before 1978, the UC Davis School of Medicine had two separate admission programs: one special program for minority and economically disadvantaged students and one standard program for everyone else. Though economically disadvantaged white students could request to be in the former program, none were admitted through this method. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bakke’s score didn’t qualify him for the standard program, and he didn’t fit into the special program even though his score was higher than some applicants admitted through said special program. After being rejected twice, Bakke sued and was finally admitted. The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to put a quota on minority admission, but colleges can still consider the race of an applicant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This issue was further expanded upon in the 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger case. Barbara Gutter, an applicant with high academic achievements who was rejected from Michigan University Law School, argued that the admission policy discriminated against her due to its preference for racial minorities. The college was looking to acquire a “critical mass” of minority students so no minority student felt like a token member of their minority group. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This time, the Supreme Court ruled in the school’s favor since the applicant’s race was seen as a factor and not the key thing that got them in. For example, a student from Brazil got in not because of their background but because they were the club leader of the Brazilian Culture Club at their school. Notably, on the same day, the Gratz v. Bollinger case was being argued. In that case, another university lost because they were giving bonus points to minority applicants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, an organization called “Students for Fair Admissions” (SFFA) sued Harvard and accused the university of treating Asian-American applicants unfairly, holding them to a higher standard, and rating their personality traits lower. On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court ruled against race as a contributing factor in admission decisions. So for better or for worse, affirmative action is now over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Does being equal mean to be blind to race and afford everyone the same opportunity without bias, or does it mean to acknowledge racial disadvantages and try to correct them? The answer to that question, especially in education, is never easy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tham gia m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua.\u0110\u01a1n nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y nhanh nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Affirmative action l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Affirmative action l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a affirmative action<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed5 h\u1eefu t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb d\u1ea1i kh\u1edd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang nghe t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. 158 n\u0103m sau khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, 69 n\u0103m sau khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 60 n\u0103m sau b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n “I have a dream” c\u1ee7a Martin Luther King Jr., kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00e0, ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, do \u0111\u00f3 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, giam bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e0u da c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt “Federal Home Loan Bank Act”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1932. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay v\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vay v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c phi v\u00e0 latinh, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng khu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “r\u1ee7i ro cao”. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “redlining” v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fd do m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi thu\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p, thu\u1ebf c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n c\u00e0ng \u00edt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00edt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a h\u01a1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 trang tr\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u00edt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong s\u01a1 y\u1ebfu l\u00fd l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, do s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao. Do \u0111\u00f3, affirmative action nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, affirmative action kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xem x\u00e9t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed xa h\u01a1n th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng coi affirmative action nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi legacy admission, vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i cho sinh vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a affirmative action<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Affirmative action ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Thay v\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng affirmative action n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp thay v\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1ea1nh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eaft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bao g\u1ed3m \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, mang t\u00ednh bao dung h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai h\u1ecd l\u00e0. V\u00ec v\u1eady, xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n sinh l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Allen Bakke, m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa UC Davis sau m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1eeb T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1978, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa UC Davis c\u00f3 hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n sinh: m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh vi\u00ean da tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Bakke kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a anh cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i hai l\u1ea7n, Bakke ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng UC Davis v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o. T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n sinh thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Grutter v. Bollinger n\u0103m 2003. Barbara Gutter, m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cao b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n sinh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00f4 do \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t “t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” sinh vi\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb Brazil \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Brazil t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n Gratz v. Bollinger c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn. Trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 thua v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang cho \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 2014, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mang t\u00ean “Students for Fair Admissions” (SFFA) ki\u1ec7n Harvard v\u00e0 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean g\u1ed1c \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2023, T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec3n sinh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, affirmative action hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, hay c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ch\u00fang? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Getting into college is kind of like running a race. There are only so many slots in college and university,… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":309,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=252"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":310,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252\/revisions\/310"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testmaster.online\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}